![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Carbohydrate Intolerance Fact Sheet . Guest, Ph. D, RD, LMNTIt is rare to read a health or diet article without seeing something about high carbohydrate, low carbohydrate, or specific carbohydrate diets. Common advice is to avoid foods containing certain carbohydrates. The suggestion is that these carbohydrates are unhealthy or “bad”. Carbohydrates are an essential source of nutrition for humans. There are no “bad” carbohydrates just ones that cannot be absorbed and used properly due to specific medical conditions such as celiac disease. In celiac disease gastrointestinal dysfunction causes carbohydrates to be incompletely digested leading to malabsorption and intolerance. Since symptoms of carbohydrate malabsorption mimic those of gluten exposure it is important for individuals with celiac disease to be aware of carbohydrate malabsorption and intolerance. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are an important part of a healthy diet. They provide about half of the daily energy intake for most individuals. Carbohydrate is just another word for sugar including a Greek word, saccharide. Saccaride is the term used to describe chemical configurations of carbohydrates. For instance monosaccharide indicates a single sugar molecule, disaccharide describes two sugar molecules and polysaccharides are multiple sugar molecules bonded together. At a cellular level humans use the monosaccharide glucose for fuel. This mean disaccharides and polysaccharides must be hydrolyzed (broken down) into single sugar molecules to be utilized. Most carbohydrates need enzymes for hydrolysis. ![]()
The FAILSAFE diet is a diet designed to be free of additives, low in salicylates, amines and flavour enhancers. It is Sue Dengate Printer Friendly Version. Carbohydrate Intolerance and Celiac Disease Prepared by Jean E. Guest, PhD, RD, LMNT. It is rare to read a health or diet article without. These enzymes are located on villi in the brush border of the small intestine. The most common type of carbohydrate intolerance associated with celiac disease is lactose although fructose and other types of carbohydrate malapsorption have been documented. Lactose Intolerance. Lactose is a carbohydrate (sugar) found in milk, milk products, and other items. Lactase is located on the tip of small intestinal villi. If for any reason lactase levels are decreased or deficient lactose intolerance occurs. There are different types of lactose intolerance including primary, secondary acquired, and congenital. Primary lactose intolerance is inherited (genetic). Why Living Safe? If you care about your own health, the health of your family, your pets and also the health of our planet and you are looking for trusted, accurate. Banish your bloat with the low FODMAP diet. The low FODMAP diet is a dietary approach used to minimize symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). In this type of lactase deficiency lactose is usually tolerated during infancy and childhood. With increasing age the ability to produce lactase decreases leading to lactose intolerance. Primary lactose intolerance affects some ethnic groups more than others. In the United States anywhere from 2. African Americans, American Indians, Ashkenazi Jews, American Asians and American Mexicans have some degree of primary lactose intolerance. Adult Americans of European decent are less likely to be lactose intolerant with a rate of about 5 to 1. ![]() ![]() Individuals with celiac disease may have primary lactose intolerance, but the secondary or acquired type is more usual. Acquired lactose intolerance is the consequence of a decrease or deficiency of lactase due to damage of villi located in the small intestine. ![]() ![]() The villi damage linked to celiac disease is frequently caused by an inflammatory immune- response to gluten. However, villi damage may also be the result of illness, injury, surgery, or gastroenteritis. Acquired lactose intolerance can be transient (lasting only a short time) or permanent. Children with celiac disease are more likely to have transient lactose intolerance. One reason is children tend to be diagnosed and treated sooner than adults. This allows faster healing of the villi and therefore regeneration of lactase. Congenital lactase deficiency is rare and not associated with celiac disease. The cause of congenital lactase deficiency is a mutation in the gene responsible for making lactase. Infants with congenital lactase deficiency cannot tolerate lactose containing formulas or breast milk and are fed a lactose- free formula. These infants need to be on a strict lactose free diet for life. Symptoms of lactose intolerance include gas, bloating, nausea, abdominal cramping, foul smelling stools, and diarrhea. Symptoms vary from individual to individual. Some barely notice symptoms while others know right away when they have been exposed to lactose. Since the symptoms of lactose intolerance are similar to those seen with gluten exposure it is recommended to see a physician to be diagnosed. Lactose intolerance can be diagnosed in two ways. One is a breath hydrogen test and the other is a stool acidity test. The stool acidity test is used for infants and young children. Since lactose intolerance is uncommon in children under 2 years of age the test should be conducted after consultation with a pediatric gastroenterologist. In older children and adults the presence of hydrogen in the breath indicates lactose malabsorption. Some foods, medications, and cigarettes can interfere with the accuracy of breath hydrogen tests. Before having a breath hydrogen test check with a medical professional for a list of restricted items. Treatment for lactose intolerance depends on lactase activity. Some individuals are able to drink a little milk while others cannot have a drop. Lactose tolerance can be influenced by when and how much is consumed. Taking small amounts of lactose several times a day are better tolerated than large amounts eaten at one time. Other ways to improve lactose tolerance are to use oral lactase enzymes and to use milk treated with Lactaid or acidopholus (a bacteria culture). Milk and milk products are the primary source of calcium in the American diet. In lactose intolerance soy, rice, and nut based milks may be used as a milk substitute in older children and adults. Nutrient content and proportions in milk substitutes are not the same as breast or cow’s milk so they are not appropriate for infants and small children. Even with the use of milk substitutes, yogurt, and low lactose foods it may be difficult to obtain adequate calcium intake. So a daily calcium and vitamin D supplement is recommended. Milk and milk products obviously contain lactose, but other sources of lactose are not as easy to detect. Non- dairy products made from milk derivatives contain lactose as do many medications. Check with a pharmacist for lactose content in medications. Fructose Intolerance. There are two types of fructose intolerance. One is “ hereditary” and the other is “acquired”. Hereditary fructose intolerance is a rare genetic disorder where the liver lacks a certain enzyme needed to metabolize fructose. Acquired fructose intolerance is a functional problem in the small intestine where the ability to absorb fructose is decreased. Individuals with celiac disease usually have acquired fructose intolerance although a few cases of heredity fructose intolerance have been reported. Symptoms of fructose intolerance are similar to those of lactose intolerance and gluten exposure. Symptoms include gas, bloating, belching, nausea, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea. Symptoms vary individually ranging from mild to severe. Individuals on a strict gluten- free and lactose free diet whose symptoms do not improve may consider consulting their physician about screening for fructose intolerance. Fructose intolerance is diagnosed with a breath hydrogen test. A beverage containing fructose is consumed before the test. An increased level of breath hydrogen indicates fructose malabsorption resulting in a diagnosis of fructose intolerance. Fructose malabsorption is not well understood. Fructose is absorbed by facilitated diffusion through the use of transporters known as GLUT 5 and GLUT 2. When these transporters are decreased or overloaded unabsorbed fructose passes directly into the colon where it is fermented and produces short- chain fatty acids and gases. In the United States high fructose corn syrup added to the food supply has led some to believe that fructose intake has increased. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Availability Tables fructose intake has not changed significantly since 1. Even so fructose malabsorption has been reported in a number of studies in the general population. One study in 2. 00. University of Kansas tested fructose tolerance in 1. In this study breath hydrogen testing was done with fructose doses commonly consumed by free- living adults. The results in the study showed significant symptoms of fructose malabsorption in up to two- thirds of the volunteers. These researchers concluded the study demonstrated that fructose malabsorption happens in healthy individuals. In addition to high fructose corn syrup, fructose can be found in honey, fruits, vegetables, wheat, sucrose, and sucrose containing foods and beverages. Actually some fruits and vegetables naturally contain as much sucrose as fructose. Fructose found in vegetables and wheat is often in the form of oligosaccharides (complex carbohydrates) known as fructans and galactans. Treatment of fructose intolerance includes limiting or eliminating fructose and sucrose from the diet. Remember sucrose becomes fructose (and glucose) during digestion. Fructose tolerance dictates how strict the diet needs to be. One way to figure out individual tolerance is to try an elimination diet. In other words eliminate fructose containing foods and beverages until symptoms improve. Then slowly reintroduce one food or beverage at a time waiting to see if symptoms reappear. Before beginning a fructose elimination diet consult with a registered dietitian. Individuals following a fructose restricted diet should avoid sugar substitutes such as sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol,malitol, and isomalt (also known as polyols and alcohol sugars). These sugar substitutes are not absorbed in the small intestine and pass directly into the colon (large intestine). Small amounts of sugar substitutes are usually well tolerated, but large amounts may have a laxative effect. Watch for these sugar substitutes in sugar- free foods, beverages, gums and some medications.
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